井筒是井工法矿物开采和地下空间开发利用的关键工程，对于拟建井筒下部具备生产系统的有利条件，采用重力排渣的大直径井筒钻掘技术是重要的发展方向之一。针对吊桶式上排渣技术存在的排渣不连续、掘进效率低，且难以与破岩工序协同作业等难题，探索改变凿井工作面的排渣方式，采用重力排渣工艺可提高凿井效率，即通过预先建立连接拟建井筒上下水平的小直径导井，或上水平施工条件不具备时在井筒下水平直接上向钻进导井，破碎岩渣在重力作用下直接掉落至下水平，再利用装载和运输设备进行装运排渣。首先论述了机械破岩钻井流体正循环和反循环上排渣技术工艺的适用性和局限性，提出了基于依靠岩渣自重进行重力排渣的工艺，分析了大直径井筒反井钻井、直接上向反井钻井、导井式竖井掘进机等机械破岩重力排渣技术的发展现状，凝练了基于重力排渣的机械破岩钻井技术现阶段面临的硬岩破碎、钻具稳定可靠、钻井偏斜控制、智能钻进等难题，系统梳理了导孔钻进、导井钻进、钻爆扩大、反井正钻扩大、反井钻机一次扩大和导井式井筒掘进机扩大等技术工艺及装备，构建了不同工序组合的综合成井工艺体系。基于重力排渣的机械破岩凿井技术，将继续在煤矿、金属矿山、水电、交通等领域大直径井筒建设中发挥重要作用，并为无人化、机械化和智能化井筒建设技术发展提供参考和借鉴。

The shaft is a key project, including the mining of shaft engineering minerals and the development and utilization of underground space. As the lower part of the proposed shaft has the advantage of a production system, the use of gravity slag removal is one of the important directions for the development of large-diameter shaft drilling technology. Aiming at the problems such as discontinuous slag discharge, low efficiency, and difficult to cooperate with the rock breaking process, the bucket type slag discharge technology exists. It is necessary to explore how to change the slag discharge mode of the working face during shaft sinking. The gravity slag removal process can improve the efficiency of shaft sinking, that is, through the pre establishment of a small diameter pilot shaft connecting the upper and lower levels of the proposed shaft, or when the upper horizontal construction conditions are not available, the pilot shaft can be directly drilled upward horizontally under the shaft. Under the action of gravity, the crushed rock slag will fall directly to the lower level and then be transported and discharged by loading equipment. Firstly, the applicability and limitation of the slag removal technology with positive and reverse fluid circulation in mechanical rock breaking drilling are discussed. Based on the weight of rock slag, the process of gravity slag removal is proposed. The development status of mechanical rock breaking and gravity slag removal technologies such as large-diameter shaft raise drilling, direct upward raise drilling and pilot shaft boringare analyzed.The problems faced by mechanical rock breaking drilling technology based on gravity slag removal at this stage, such as efficient crushing, stable and reliable drilling tools, controllable drilling deflection, and intelligent drilling, are summarized. The technical processes and equipment of pilot hole drilling, pilot shaft drilling, drilling and blasting expansion, raise shaft drilling expansion, raise shaft drill expansion and shaft boring machine expansion are systematically sorted out. A comprehensive well completion process system with different process combinations has been established. Mechanical rock breaking shaft sinking technology based on gravity slagging will continue to play an important role in the construction of large-diameter shafts in coal mines, metal mines, hydropower, transportation and other fields, and provide reference and reference for the technical development of unmanned, mechanized and intelligent shaft construction.

0 引言
1 机械破岩重力排渣工艺的提出
1.1 机械破岩流体上排渣工艺
1.1.1 流体正循环排渣技术
1.1.2 流体反循环排渣技术
1.2 基于重力排渣工艺的提出与发展
1.3 机械破岩重力排渣技术发展面临难题
2 机械破岩重力排渣钻井技术装备
2.1 导孔钻进技术
2.2 导井钻进技术
2.3 钻爆爆破扩大成井
2.4 反井正钻扩大钻进成井
2.5 反井钻机一次扩大钻进成井
2.6 掘进机扩大钻进成井
3 综合成井工艺体系的构建
4 结语